Filesystem Hierarchy Standard
Edited by
Rusty Russell
Daniel Quinlan
Christopher Yeoh
Copyright © 1994-2004 Daniel Quinlan
Copyright © 2001-2004 Paul 'Rusty' Russell
Copyright © 2003-2004 Christopher Yeoh
This standard consists of a set of requirements and guidelines for file and directory placement under UNIX-like operating systems. The guidelines are intended to support interoperability of applications, system administration tools, development tools, and scripts as well as greater uniformity of documentation for these systems.
All trademarks and copyrights are owned by their owners, unless specifically noted otherwise. Use of a term in this document should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark.
Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this standard provided the copyright and this permission notice are preserved on all copies.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this standard under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that the title page is labeled as modified including a reference to the original standard, provided that information on retrieving the original standard is included, and provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one.
Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this standard into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation approved by the copyright holder.
- Table of Contents
- 1. Introduction
- 2. The Filesystem
- 3. The Root Filesystem
- Purpose
- Requirements
- Specific Options
- /bin : Essential user command binaries (for use by all users)
- /boot : Static files of the boot loader
- /dev : Device files
- /etc : Host-specific system configuration
- /home : User home directories (optional)
- /lib : Essential shared libraries and kernel modules
- /lib<qual> : Alternate format essential shared libraries (optional)
- /media : Mount point for removeable media
- /mnt : Mount point for a temporarily mounted filesystem
- /opt : Add-on application software packages
- /root : Home directory for the root user (optional)
- /sbin : System binaries
- /srv : Data for services provided by this system
- /tmp : Temporary files
- 4. The /usr Hierarchy
- Purpose
- Requirements
- Specific Options
- /usr/X11R6 : X Window System, Version 11 Release 6 (optional)
- /usr/bin : Most user commands
- /usr/include : Directory for standard include files.
- /usr/lib : Libraries for programming and packages
- /usr/lib<qual> : Alternate format libraries (optional)
- /usr/local/share
- /usr/sbin : Non-essential standard system binaries
- /usr/share : Architecture-independent data
- /usr/src : Source code (optional)
- 5. The /var Hierarchy
- Purpose
- Requirements
- Specific Options
- /var/account : Process accounting logs (optional)
- /var/cache : Application cache data
- /var/crash : System crash dumps (optional)
- /var/games : Variable game data (optional)
- /var/lib : Variable state information
- /var/lock : Lock files
- /var/log : Log files and directories
- /var/mail : User mailbox files (optional)
- /var/opt : Variable data for /opt
- /var/run : Run-time variable data
- /var/spool : Application spool data
- /var/tmp : Temporary files preserved between system reboots
- /var/yp : Network Information Service (NIS) database files (optional)
- 6. Operating System Specific Annex
- Linux
- / : Root directory
- /bin : Essential user command binaries (for use by all users)
- /dev : Devices and special files
- /etc : Host-specific system configuration
- /lib64 and /lib32 : 64/32-bit libraries (architecture dependent)
- /proc : Kernel and process information virtual filesystem
- /sbin : Essential system binaries
- /usr/include : Header files included by C programs
- /usr/src : Source code
- /var/spool/cron : cron and at jobs
- 7. Appendix
Chapter 1. Introduction
Purpose
This standard enables:
-
Software to predict the location of installed files and directories, and
-
Users to predict the location of installed files and directories.
We do this by:
-
Specifying guiding principles for each area of the filesystem,
-
Specifying the minimum files and directories required,
-
Enumerating exceptions to the principles, and
-
Enumerating specific cases where there has been historical conflict.
The FHS document is used by:
-
Independent software suppliers to create applications which are FHS compliant, and work with distributions which are FHS complaint,
-
OS creators to provide systems which are FHS compliant, and
-
Users to understand and maintain the FHS compliance of a system.
The FHS document has a limited scope:
-
Local placement of local files is a local issue, so FHS does not attempt to usurp system administrators.
-
FHS addresses issues where file placements need to be coordinated between multiple parties such as local sites, distributions, applications, documentation, etc.
Conventions
We recommend that you read a typeset version of this document rather than the plain text version. In the typeset version, the names of files and directories are displayed in a constant-width font.
Components of filenames that vary are represented by a description of the contents enclosed in "<" and ">" characters, <thus>. Electronic mail addresses are also enclosed in "<" and ">" but are shown in the usual typeface.
Optional components of filenames are enclosed in "[" and "]" characters and may be combined with the "<" and ">" convention. For example, if a filename is allowed to occur either with or without an extension, it might be represented by <filename>[.<extension>].
Variable substrings of directory names and filenames are indicated by "*".
The sections of the text marked as Rationale are explanatory and are non-normative.
Chapter 2. The Filesystem
This standard assumes that the operating system underlying an FHS-compliant file system supports the same basic security features found in most UNIX filesystems.
It is possible to define two independent distinctions among files: shareable vs. unshareable and variable vs. static. In general, files that differ in either of these respects should be located in different directories. This makes it easy to store files with different usage characteristics on different filesystems.
"Shareable" files are those that can be stored on one host and used on others. "Unshareable" files are those that are not shareable. For example, the files in user home directories are shareable whereas device lock files are not.
"Static" files include binaries, libraries, documentation files and other files that do not change without system administrator intervention. "Variable" files are files that are not static.
 |
Rationale |
|---|---|
|
Shareable files can be stored on one host and used on several others. Typically, however, not all files in the filesystem hierarchy are shareable and so each system has local storage containing at least its unshareable files. It is convenient if all the files a system requires that are stored on a foreign host can be made available by mounting one or a few directories from the foreign host. Static and variable files should be segregated because static files, unlike variable files, can be stored on read-only media and do not need to be backed up on the same schedule as variable files. Historical UNIX-like filesystem hierarchies contained both static and variable files under both /usr and /etc. In order to realize the advantages mentioned above, the /var hierarchy was created and all variable files were transferred from /usr to /var. Consequently /usr can now be mounted read-only (if it is a separate filesystem). Variable files have been transferred from /etc to /var over a longer period as technology has permitted. Here is an example of a FHS-compliant system. (Other FHS-compliant layouts are possible.) |
Chapter 3. The Root Filesystem
Purpose
The contents of the root filesystem must be adequate to boot, restore, recover, and/or repair the system.
-
To boot a system, enough must be present on the root partition to mount other filesystems. This includes utilities, configuration, boot loader information, and other essential start-up data. /usr, /opt, and /var are designed such that they may be located on other partitions or filesystems.
-
To enable recovery and/or repair of a system, those utilities needed by an experienced maintainer to diagnose and reconstruct a damaged system must be present on the root filesystem.
-
To restore a system, those utilities needed to restore from system backups (on floppy, tape, etc.) must be present on the root filesystem.
|
Rationale |
|---|---|
|
The primary concern used to balance these considerations, which favor placing many things on the root filesystem, is the goal of keeping root as small as reasonably possible. For several reasons, it is desirable to keep the root filesystem small:
|
Applications must never create or require special files or subdirectories in the root directory. Other locations in the FHS hierarchy provide more than enough flexibility for any package.
|
Rationale |
|---|---|
|
There are several reasons why creating a new subdirectory of the root filesystem is prohibited:
Distributions should not create new directories in the root hierarchy without extremely careful consideration of the consequences including for application portability. |
Requirements
The following directories, or symbolic links to directories, are required in /.
| Directory | Description |
|---|---|
| bin | Essential command binaries |
| boot | Static files of the boot loader |
| dev | Device files |
| etc | Host-specific system configuration |
| lib | Essential shared libraries and kernel modules |
| media | Mount point for removeable media |
| mnt | Mount point for mounting a filesystem temporarily |
| opt | Add-on application software packages |
| sbin | Essential system binaries |
| srv | Data for services provided by this system |
| tmp | Temporary files |
| usr | Secondary hierarchy |
| var | Variable data |
Each directory listed above is specified in detail in separate subsections below. /usr and /var each have a complete section in this document due to the complexity of those directories.
Specific Options
The following directories, or symbolic links to directories, must be in /, if the corresponding subsystem is installed:
| Directory | Description |
|---|---|
| home | User home directories (optional) |
| lib<qual> | Alternate format essential shared libraries (optional) |
| root | Home directory for the root user (optional) |
Each directory listed above is specified in detail in separate subsections below.
/bin : Essential user command binaries (for use by all users)
Purpose
/bin contains commands that may be used by both the system administrator and by users, but which are required when no other filesystems are mounted (e.g. in single user mode). It may also contain commands which are used indirectly by scripts. [1]
Requirements
There must be no subdirectories in /bin.
The following commands, or symbolic links to commands, are required in /bin.
| Command | Description |
|---|---|
| cat | Utility to concatenate files to standard output |
| chgrp | Utility to change file group ownership |
| chmod | Utility to change file access permissions |
| chown | Utility to change file owner and group |
| cp | Utility to copy files and directories |
| date | Utility to print or set the system data and time |
| dd | Utility to convert and copy a file |
| df | Utility to report filesystem disk space usage |
| dmesg | Utility to print or control the kernel message buffer |
| echo | Utility to display a line of text |
| false | Utility to do nothing, unsuccessfully |
| hostname | Utility to show or set the system's host name |
| kill | Utility to send signals to processes |
| ln | Utility to make links between files |
| login | Utility to begin a session on the system |
| ls | Utility to list directory contents |
| mkdir | Utility to make directories |
| mknod | Utility to make block or character special files |
| more | Utility to page through text |
| mount | Utility to mount a filesystem |
| mv | Utility to move/rename files |
| ps | Utility to report process status |
| pwd | Utility to print name of current working directory |
| rm | Utility to remove files or directories |
| rmdir | Utility to remove empty directories |
| sed | The `sed' stream editor |
| sh | The Bourne command shell |
| stty | Utility to change and print terminal line settings |
| su | Utility to change user ID |
| sync | Utility to flush filesystem buffers |
| true | Utility to do nothing, successfully |
| umount | Utility to unmount file systems |
| uname | Utility to print system information |
If /bin/sh is not a true Bourne shell, it must be a hard or symbolic link to the real shell command.
The [ and test commands must be placed together in either /bin or /usr/bin.
|
Rationale |
|---|---|
|
For example bash behaves differently when called as sh or bash. The use of a symbolic link also allows users to easily see that /bin/sh is not a true Bourne shell. The requirement for the [ and test commands to be included as binaries (even if implemented internally by the shell) is shared with the POSIX.2 standard. |
Specific Options
The following programs, or symbolic links to programs, must be in /bin if the corresponding subsystem is installed:
| Command | Description |
|---|---|
| csh | The C shell (optional) |
| ed | The `ed' editor (optional) |
| tar | The tar archiving utility (optional) |
| cpio | The cpio archiving utility (optional) |
| gzip | The GNU compression utility (optional) |
| gunzip | The GNU uncompression utility (optional) |
| zcat | The GNU uncompression utility (optional) |
| netstat | The network statistics utility (optional) |
| ping | The ICMP network test utility (optional) |
If the gunzip and zcat programs exist, they must be symbolic or hard links to gzip. /bin/csh may be a symbolic link to /bin/tcsh or /usr/bin/tcsh.
|
Rationale |
|---|---|
|
The tar, gzip and cpio commands have been added to make restoration of a system possible (provided that / is intact). Conversely, if no restoration from the root partition is ever expected, then these binaries might be omitted (e.g., a ROM chip root, mounting /usr through NFS). If restoration of a system is planned through the network, then ftp or tftp (along with everything necessary to get an ftp connection) must be available on the root partition. |
/boot : Static files of the boot loader
Purpose
This directory contains everything required for the boot process except configuration files not needed at boot time and the map installer. Thus /boot stores data that is used before the kernel begins executing user-mode programs. This may include saved master boot sectors and sector map files. [2]
/dev : Device files
Purpose
The /dev directory is the location of special or device files.
Specific Options
If it is possible that devices in /dev will need to be manually created, /dev must contain a command named MAKEDEV, which can create devices as needed. It may also contain a MAKEDEV.local for any local devices.
If required, MAKEDEV must have provisions for creating any device that may be found on the system, not just those that a particular implementation installs.
/etc : Host-specific system configuration
Purpose
The /etc hierarchy contains configuration files. A "configuration file" is a local file used to control the operation of a program; it must be static and cannot be an executable binary. [4]
Requirements
No binaries may be located under /etc. [5]
The following directories, or symbolic links to directories are required in /etc:
Specific Options
The following directories, or symbolic links to directories must be in /etc, if the corresponding subsystem is installed:
The following files, or symbolic links to files, must be in /etc if the corresponding subsystem is installed: [6]
| File | Description |
|---|---|
| csh.login | Systemwide initialization file for C shell logins (optional) |
| exports | NFS filesystem access control list (optional) |
| fstab | Static information about filesystems (optional) |
| ftpusers | FTP daemon user access control list (optional) |
| gateways | File which lists gateways for routed (optional) |
| gettydefs | Speed and terminal settings used by getty (optional) |
| group | User group file (optional) |
| host.conf | Resolver configuration file (optional) |
| hosts | Static information about host names (optional) |
| hosts.allow | Host access file for TCP wrappers (optional) |
| hosts.deny | Host access file for TCP wrappers (optional) |
| hosts.equiv | List of trusted hosts for rlogin, rsh, rcp (optional) |
| hosts.lpd | List of trusted hosts for lpd (optional) |
| inetd.conf | Configuration file for inetd (optional) |
| inittab | Configuration file for init (optional) |
| issue | Pre-login message and identification file (optional) |
| ld.so.conf | List of extra directories to search for shared libraries (optional) |
| motd | Post-login message of the day file (optional) |
| mtab | Dynamic information about filesystems (optional) |
| mtools.conf | Configuration file for mtools (optional) |
| networks | Static information about network names (optional) |
| passwd | The password file (optional) |
| printcap | The lpd printer capability database (optional) |
| profile | Systemwide initialization file for sh shell logins (optional) |
| protocols | IP protocol listing (optional) |
| resolv.conf | Resolver configuration file (optional) |
| rpc | RPC protocol listing (optional) |
| securetty | TTY access control for root login (optional) |
| services | Port names for network services (optional) |
| shells | Pathnames of valid login shells (optional) |
| syslog.conf | Configuration file for syslogd (optional) |
mtab does not fit the static nature of /etc: it is excepted for historical reasons. [7]
/etc/opt : Configuration files for /opt
Purpose
Host-specific configuration files for add-on application software packages must be installed within the directory /etc/opt/<subdir>, where <subdir> is the name of the subtree in /opt where the static data from that package is stored.
Requirements
No structure is imposed on the internal arrangement of /etc/opt/<subdir>.
If a configuration file must reside in a different location in order for the package or system to function properly, it may be placed in a location other than /etc/opt/<subdir>.
|
Rationale |
|---|---|
|
Refer to the rationale for /opt. |
/etc/X11 : Configuration for the X Window System (optional)
Purpose
/etc/X11 is the location for all X11 host-specific configuration. This directory is necessary to allow local control if /usr is mounted read only.
Specific Options
The following files, or symbolic links to files, must be in /etc/X11 if the corresponding subsystem is installed:
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2023年9月01日 20:21
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