Ted's Blog

Happy coding

冯诺依曼结构和哈佛结构

Ted posted @ 2008年8月21日 20:49 in 未分类 with tags architecture , 15856 阅读

哈佛结构

    数字信号处理一般需要较大的运算量和较高的运算速度,为了提高数据吞吐量,在数字信号处理器中大多采用哈佛结构,如下图所示

图   哈佛结构

与冯.诺曼结构处理器比较,哈佛结构处理器有两个明显的特点:

  • 使用两个独立的存储器模块,分别存储指令和数据,每个存储模块都不允许指令和数据并存;

  • 使用独立的两条总线,分别作为CPU与每个存储器之间的专用通信路径,而这两条总线之间毫无关联。

     后来,又提出了改进的哈佛结构,如下图所示

图    改进型哈佛结构

其结构特点为:

  • 使用两个独立的存储器模块,分别存储指令和数据,每个存储模块都不允许指令和数据并存,以便实现并行处理;

  • 具有一条独立的地址总线和一条独立的数据总线,利用公用地址总线访问两个存储模块(程序存储模块和数据存储模块),公用数据总线则被用来完成程序存储模块或数据存储模块与CPU之间的数据传输;

  • 两条总线由程序存储器和数据存储器分时共用。

    在典型情况下,完成一条指令需要3个步骤,即:取指令、指令译码和执行指令。从指令流的定时关系也可看出冯.诺曼结构与哈佛结构处理方式的差别。举一个最简单的对存储器进行读写操作的指令,如下图所示,指令1至指令3均为存、取数指令,对冯.诺曼结构处理器,由于取指令和存取数据要从同一个存储空间存取,经由同一总线传输,因而它们无法重叠执行,只有一个完成后再进行下一个。

图  .诺曼结构处理器指令流的定时关系示意图

 

     如果采用哈佛结构处理以上同样的3条存取数指令,如下图所示,由于取指令和存取数据分别经由不同的存储空间和不同的总线,使得各条指令可以重叠执行,这样,也就克服了数据流传输的瓶颈,提高了运算速度。

 

    哈佛结构强调了总的系统速度以及通讯和处理器配置方面的灵活性。

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

图   哈佛结构处理器指令流的定时关系示意图

========================================================================

冯.诺曼结构

    1945年,冯.诺曼首先提出了“存储程序”的概念和二进制原理,后来,人们把利用这种概念和原理设计的电子计算机系统统称为“.诺曼型结构”计算机。冯.诺曼结构的处理器使用同一个存储器,经由同一个总线传输,如下图所示:

图   冯.诺曼结构

    .诺曼结构处理器具有以下几个特点:

  • 必须有一个存储器;

  • 必须有一个控制器;

  • 必须有一个运算器,用于完成算术运算和逻辑运算;

  • 必须有输入和输出设备,用于进行人机通信。

    .诺曼的主要贡献就是提出并实现了“存储程序”的概念。由于指令和数据都是二进制码,指令和操作数的地址又密切相关,因此,当初选择这种结构是自然的。但是,这种指令和数据共享同一总线的结构,使得信息流的传输成为限制计算机性能的瓶颈,影响了数据处理速度的提高。   

     在典型情况下,完成一条指令需要3个步骤,即:取指令、指令译码和执行指令。从指令流的定时关系也可看出冯.诺曼结构与哈佛结构处理方式的差别。举一个最简单的对存储器进行读写操作的指令,如下图所示,指令1至指令3均为存、取数指令,对冯.诺曼结构处理器,由于取指令和存取数据要从同一个存储空间存取,经由同一总线传输,因而它们无法重叠执行,只有一个完成后再进行下一个。

图  .诺曼结构处理器指令流的定时关系示意图

Avatar_small
Dini 说:
2020年10月01日 13:45

Belanja beragam model tas wanita seperti tas ransel, selempang dan handbag wanita model terbaru dengan harga yang terjangkau hanya di jual tas murah. Untuk bekerja, kuliah, atau acara-acara santai, kami menyediakan beragam model tas ransel yang fashionable dan kekinian. Cek di sini untuk melihat ragam koleksi tas ransel wanita di toko kami, grosir tas ransel wanita Bandung. Kami juga menjual beragam model tas handbag yang cocok untuk berbagai kegiatan formal, seperti tas kerja. Koleksi handbag wanita selengkapnya bisa di lihat di link ini, tas selempang dan handbag wanita murah Bandung. Kamu yang suka tampil casual saat kuliah, bisa memilih tas tote bag berbahan kanvas dengan motif yang lucu, unik, dan juga kekinian. Selain untuk kuliah tote bag kanvas juga cocok untuk kegiatan santai seperti jalan-jalan, shopping, hangout, dll. Kami menyediakan banyak tote bag dengan motif yang menarik dengan harga yang terjangkau, cek di sini untuk melihat koleksinya, olshop jual tas tote bag Bandung.

Avatar_small
celeb networth 说:
2021年2月05日 14:51

Billie Eilish - the youngest person and second person ever to win the four main Grammy categories, was born in December 18, 2001, find out more about her net worth on celeb networth post

Avatar_small
asdzxc 说:
2021年7月14日 04:01

Olansi Healthcare Co., Ltd is a professional manufacturer of air purifier, hydrogen water, water purifier, etc. healthcare, more than 12 years experience since 2009 in Guangzhou, China. 60,000 m2 of our own injection molding factory, our own filter factory, our own mold factory, our own assembly factory! 600 square meters of professional laboratory, 30 engineers R&D team. We are prfessional in ODM, OEM services! 3,000 PCs per day of production capacity! 100% aging test for mass production! CE, CB, ROHS, SASO, CQC, CCC approval and ISO 9001: 2008 certificate! Olansi luftreiniger

Avatar_small
Faddy 说:
2021年7月14日 18:57

I've read some good stuff here. Definitely worth bookmarking for revisiting. I surprise how much effort you put to create such a great informative website. delta 8 THC

Avatar_small
no excuses runner 说:
2021年7月17日 18:42

Công ty OLANSI là một nhà sản xuất OEM máy lọc không khí chuyên nghiệp, các sản phẩm có chứa máy lọc không khí Trung Quốc, máy lọc không khí gia đình, máy lọc không khí HEPA, máy lọc không khí ion âm, máy lọc không khí ion hóa, máy lọc không khí PM2.5, máy lọc không khí xe hơi, máy lọc không khí trong phòng, máy lọc không khí thông minh và như thế. Máy lọc không khí Olansi

Avatar_small
no excuses runner 说:
2021年7月18日 21:04

That i originated onto your webpage despite the fact that highlighting basically just a bit submits. Fine strategy for after that, I am bookmarking at any one time take an individual's finished increases. astm level 3

Avatar_small
Faddy 说:
2021年8月01日 19:26

I found so many interesting stuff in your blog especially its discussion. From the tons of comments on your articles, I guess I am not the only one having all the enjoyment here! keep up the good work... Bong88

Avatar_small
Faddy 说:
2021年9月02日 18:50

This is my first time visit to your blog and I am very interested in the articles that you serve. Provide enough knowledge for me. Thank you for sharing useful and don't forget, keep sharing useful info: Autolikes

Avatar_small
Faddy 说:
2021年9月09日 21:13

A very awesome blog post. We are really grateful for your blog post. You will find a lot of approaches after visiting your post. www.allfoodmenuprices.org

Avatar_small
Faddy 说:
2021年9月18日 21:26

Awesome blog. I enjoyed reading your articles. This is truly a great read for me. I have bookmarked it and I am looking forward to reading new articles. Keep up the good work! aka ms

Avatar_small
Faddy 说:
2021年9月25日 21:20

Thanks so much for sharing this awesome info! I am looking forward to see more postsby you! EMF Protectors

Avatar_small
SEO 说:
2022年3月18日 05:40

I would really like to try out this door company's services. I heard a lot of great things about Caldwells. Here's the https://caldwells.com/ to their site and I would gladly appreciate your thoughts about them.

Avatar_small
dark web/deep web/d 说:
2022年8月04日 18:53

Many web sites and pages are made with JavaScript code that is hidden. This means that your computer can only see a part of the web sites that you are trying to access.   dark web links

Avatar_small
dark web/deep web/d 说:
2022年8月04日 19:38

By having an advertising campaign on your website, you can expose yourself and your company to serious financial danger.  deep web

Avatar_small
dark web/deep web/d 说:
2022年8月04日 19:53

Just because you don't have to take the risk of exposing your identity to strangers on the Internet doesn't mean that you shouldn't use these valuable resources responsibly. dark web links

Avatar_small
dark web/deep web/d 说:
2022年8月04日 20:15

For instance, I have friends who are avidly participating in chat rooms as well. It seems that there is no end to the dark web activities that people are engaging in.  dark web sites

Avatar_small
dark web/deep web/d 说:
2022年8月04日 20:30

It's possible to make a lot of money with bitcoins, especially if you combine this opportunity with a bit of skill. The more you know about the dark web, the more profitable it will be for you.   dark web

Avatar_small
dark web/deep web/d 说:
2022年8月04日 20:45

Chia does point out some good pointers as to why some niches are much easier to promote than others, and you will want to make sure that you take advantage of those opportunities.  work from home jobs

Avatar_small
dark web/deep web/d 说:
2022年8月04日 21:03

The series went so well that it earned the company $4 million in sales in its first three months. The secret to their affiliate marketing success stories?  affiliate marketing success

Avatar_small
ONLINE SHIA QURAN ED 说:
2023年9月19日 05:27

Education

Our Shia Quran education services are easy to access and reliable.

Along with being thankful for the fact that we were born Muslims, we should be concentrating on the fact that we live like Muslims. That is what our Shia Online Quran education is all about. In our Shia Quran education for Kids and Shia Quran education for Adults, we teach our students how to be practicing Muslims.
Our Shia Quran education Online USA and Shia Quran education Online United Kingdom UK are internationally famous due to their quality of teaching. Not only that but Shia Quran education Online Australia AU and Shia Quran education Online Canada are the programs that inspired a lot of other centers and people to deliver Islamic education in the same way.

 

 

Shiaquraneducation,

Shiaonlinequraneducation,

Shiaquraneducationforkids,

Shiaquraneducationforadults,

Shiaquraneducationonlineusa,

Shiaquraneducationonlineunitedkingdomuk,

Shiaquraneducationonineaustralia,

Shiaquraneducationonlinecanada,

 

 

 

Avatar_small
hkseo 说:
2023年9月23日 16:54

What is an outstanding post! “I’ll be back” (to read more of your content). Thanks for the nudge! Delaware incorporation package

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年9月29日 06:24

for Teen rating from Google Play Store, THEAPP fills a need byproviding a tool for them to interact safely and freely in the real world.THEAPP is completely free to download and use, and no card isever required to participate. Users can enjoy the service for free thanks to the LGBT friendlybusinesses near me

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年10月01日 16:33

I have express a few of the articles on your website now, and I really like your style of blogging. I added it to my favorite’s blog site list and will be checking back soon… Visa processing in Nigeria

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年10月02日 10:06

This is a splendid website! I"m extremely content with the remarks!. Link Alternatif Fendi188

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年10月07日 15:21

Thank you for taking the time to publish this information very useful! esports indonesia

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年10月07日 15:23

Very efficiently written information. It will be beneficial to anybody who utilizes it, including me. Keep up the good work. For sure i will check out more posts. This site seems to get a good amount of visitors. daftar bumn

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年10月07日 15:28

Thank you for the update, very nice site.. wetogel

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年10月07日 15:34

Really I enjoy your site with effective and useful information. It is included very nice post with a lot of our resources.thanks for share. i enjoy this post. smartcric

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年10月07日 15:36

I am impressed. I don't think Ive met anyone who knows as much about this subject as you do. You are truly well informed and very intelligent. You wrote something that people could understand and made the subject intriguing for everyone. Really, great blog you have got here. grouping on the bus

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年10月07日 15:39 I think this is an informative post and it is very useful and knowledgeable. therefore, I would like to thank you for the efforts you have made in writing this article. grouping on the bus
Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年10月10日 15:01

Thank you for taking the time to publish this information very useful! واتساب الذهبي wa2 abo3rab

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年10月11日 02:14

I have read all the comments and suggestions posted by the visitors for this article are very fine,We will wait for your next article so only.Thanks! NSFW character ai

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年10月11日 15:37

You made such an interesting piece to read, giving every subject enlightenment for us to gain knowledge. Thanks for sharing the such information with us to read this... vacumetros

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年10月11日 15:49

I think this is an informative post and it is very useful and knowledgeable. therefore, I would like to thank you for the efforts you have made in writing this article. vacumetros

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年10月11日 16:03

Thank you because you have been willing to share information with us. we will always appreciate all you have done here because I know you are very concerned with our. desa4d login

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年10月12日 16:34

Excellent article. Very interesting to read. I really love to read such a nice article. Thanks! keep rocking. private instagram profile viewer

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年10月12日 16:39

This is my first time i visit here and I found so many interesting stuff in your blog especially it's discussion, thank you. casinos-like.com

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年10月14日 21:18 Regular visits listed here are the easiest method to appreciate your energy, which is why why I am going to the website everyday, searching for new, interesting info. Many, thank you! totalizatorebi
Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年10月15日 16:24

This is an excellent post I seen thanks to share it. It is really what I wanted to see hope in future you will continue for sharing such a excellent post. linen chute latch

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年10月15日 16:48

I am always searching online for articles that can help me. There is obviously a lot to know about this. I think you made some good points in Features also. Keep working, great job ! wilkinson trash chute parts

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年10月15日 17:06

Wow what a Great Information about World Day its exceptionally pleasant educational post. a debt of gratitude is in order for the post. fusible link door

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年10月17日 13:42

Gangaur Realtech is a professionally managed organisation specializing in real estate services where integrated services are provided by professionals to its clients seeking increased value by owning, occupying or investing in real estate. telugu escorts

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年10月19日 06:40

Your blog provided us with valuable information to work with. Each & every tips of your post are awesome. Thanks a lot for sharing. Keep blogging, glow4d link alternatif

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年10月20日 04:19

Thumbs up guys your doing a really good job. top 10 strollers for bikes

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年10月21日 22:40

This is an excellent post I seen thanks to share it. It is really what I wanted to see hope in future you will continue for sharing such a excellent post. panel lantai terpasang

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年10月25日 21:31

I don t have the time at the moment to fully read your site but I have bookmarked it and also add your RSS feeds. I will be back in a day or two. thanks for a great site. zom 100 parents guide

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年10月25日 21:39

Mmm.. good to be here in your article or post, whatever, I think I should also work hard for my own website like I see some good and updated working in your site. smm panel terbaik

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年10月26日 21:27 سحبة مزاج 4500 - سحبات انفينتي - Mazaj 4500 Puff Infinity - مزاج 4500, مزاج 4500 سحبة, مزاج 4500 موشه, مزاج 4500 موش, سحبات مزاج 4500, فيب مزاج 4500, maza سحبة 4500
Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年10月26日 21:28

مزاج - Mazaj Puff - سحبة مزاج - سحبات جاهزة - مزاج - Mazaj Puff - سحبة مزاج - سحبات جاهزة - مزاج, سحبة مزاج, سحبة مزاج 950, سحبة مزاج 1000, سحبة مزاج 2000" مزاج

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年10月30日 17:43

I admire this article for the well-researched content and excellent wording. I got so involved in this material that I couldn’t stop reading. I am impressed with your work and skill. Thank you so much. pappy van winkle 23 for sale

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年10月31日 09:40

I think this is an informative post and it is very useful and knowledgeable. therefore, I would like to thank you for the efforts you have made in writing this article. العود

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年10月31日 20:15

Webtrader: Your gateway to Forex and CFD trading. Explore the world of online financial markets with our comprehensive guide, covering everything from basics to advanced strategies. CFD Trading

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年10月31日 20:21

You completed certain reliable points there. I did a search on the subject and found nearly all persons will agree with your blog. Rekomendasi Perumahan Terbaik di Balikpapan

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年11月02日 21:28 Thanks for the best blog. it was very useful for me.keep sharing such ideas in the future as well. unlock phone IMEI
Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年11月02日 21:41

Very nice blog and articles. I am realy very happy to visit your blog. Now I am found which I actually want. I check your blog everyday and try to learn something from your blog. Thank you and waiting for your new post. ethereum price prediction 2030

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年11月03日 18:18 Pretty good post. I just stumbled upon your blog and wanted to say that I have really enjoyed reading your blog posts. Any way I’ll be subscribing to your feed and I hope you post again soon. Advanced Diploma of Civil Construction Design
Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年11月04日 19:26 this is really nice to read..informative post is very good to read..thanks a lot! movies
Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年11月06日 15:47

Your site is truly cool and this is an extraordinary moving article. Mortgage Broker Bronte

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年11月08日 17:31

The next time I read a blog, I hope that it doesnt disappoint me as much as this one. I mean, I know it was my choice to read, but I actually thought you have something interesting to say. All I hear is a bunch of whining about something that you could fix if you werent too busy looking for attention. wczasy 2024

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年11月08日 17:49

I have read all the comments and suggestions posted by the visitors for this article are very fine,We will wait for your next article so only.Thanks! أجهزة رياضية منزلية

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年11月10日 17:54 Wow! Such an amazing and helpful post this is. I really really love it. It's so good and so awesome. I am just amazed. I hope that you continue to do your work like this in the future also. pijat panggilan serpong
Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年11月10日 18:04

It is perfect time to make some plans for the future and it is time to be happy. I’ve read this post and if I could I desire to suggest you few interesting things or tips. Perhaps you could write next articles referring to this article. I want to read more things about it! oto features

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年11月14日 21:53 Very efficiently written information. It will be beneficial to anybody who utilizes it, including me. Keep up the good work. For sure i will check out more posts. This site seems to get a good amount of visitors. dưa lưới tl3
Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年11月16日 15:34

I have express a few of the articles on your website now, and I really like your style of blogging. I added it to my favorite’s blog site list and will be checking back soon… https://sites.google.com/view/signin-to-mail/login

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年11月17日 01:28 This is my first visit to your web journal! We are a group of volunteers and new activities in the same specialty. Website gave us helpful data to work. adjaranet to
Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年11月18日 14:17

I think this is a standout amongst the most critical data for me. What"s more, i"m happy perusing your article. Be that as it may, ought to comment on some broad things windrawwin

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年11月18日 14:20

very interesting post.this is my first time visit here.i found so many interesting stuff in your blog especially its discussion..thanks for the post! Tryout Gratis

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年11月20日 21:26 I just found this blog and have high hopes for it to continue. Keep up the great work, its hard to find good ones. I have added to my favorites. Thank You. dna-lab.net
Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年11月20日 21:30

Very awesome!!! When I seek for this I found this website at the top of all blogs in search engine. siap88

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年11月23日 15:33

Tempat Gadai BPKB Mobil & Motor yang Aman dan Terpercaya dengan Proses CEPAT, RESMI, Bunga Ringan serta terdaftar di OJK Otoritas Jasa Keuangan. gadai bpkb motor

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年11月27日 14:28 Check review & grab Otos Upsell Link - Discount On All Otos OTOs
Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年11月30日 02:02

Hey what a brilliant post I have come across and believe me I have been searching out for this similar kind of post for past a week and hardly came across this. Thank you very much and will look for more postings from you. pijat panggilan jakarta

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年11月30日 18:01

Three are usually cheap Ralph Lauren available for sale each and every time you wish to buy. situs togel macau

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年11月30日 18:05

I’m excited to uncover this page. I need to to thank you for ones time for this particularly fantastic read !! I definitely really liked every part of it and i also have you saved to fav to look at new information in your site. $50 shein gift card

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年12月02日 15:12

Great tips and very easy to understand. This will definitely be very useful for me when I get a chance to start my blog. Jasa Digital Marketing

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年12月03日 13:11

Really I enjoy your site with effective and useful information. It is included very nice post with a lot of our resources.thanks for share. i enjoy this post. GTA VI

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年12月03日 13:18

Your work is very good and I appreciate you and hopping for some more informative posts jasa web medan

Avatar_small
Restorasi Mobil Meda 说:
2023年12月05日 12:45

Really I enjoy your site with effective and useful information.

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年12月06日 21:50

I think about it is most required for making more on this get engaged slot maxwin

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年12月06日 21:55

I think this is an informative post and it is very useful and knowledgeable. therefore, I would like to thank you for the efforts you have made in writing this article. Lens replacement surgery

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年12月06日 21:56

Truly, this article is really one of the very best in the history of articles. I am a antique ’Article’ collector and I sometimes read some new articles if I find them interesting. And I found this one pretty fascinating and it should go into my collection. Very good work! ELANGGAME

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年12月06日 21:57

Nice blog and absolutely outstanding. You can do something much better but i still say this perfect.Keep trying for the best. ELANGGAME

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年12月06日 21:58

Very informative post ! There is a lot of information here that can help any business get started with a successful social networking campaign ! ELANGGAME

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年12月06日 21:59

I have checked this link this is really important for the people to get benefit from. GAMEBOY77

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年12月11日 16:13

I found so many interesting stuff in your blog especially its discussion. From the tons of comments on your articles, I guess I am not the only one having all the enjoyment here! keep up the good work... slot gacor

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年12月11日 18:10

This is such a great resource that you are providing and you give it away for free. I love seeing blog that understand the value of providing a quality resource for free. neosurf

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年12月12日 14:18

New web site is looking good. Thanks for the great effort. full attitude shayari

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年12月13日 01:15

Pretty good post. I just stumbled upon your blog and wanted to say that I have really enjoyed reading your blog posts. Any way I'll be subscribing to your feed and I hope you post again soon. Big thanks for the useful info. typhoon labs iptv

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年12月13日 19:00 Excellent article. Very interesting to read. I really love to read such a nice article. Thanks! keep rocking. crypto account and virtual card
Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年12月14日 22:30 The blog and data is excellent and informative as well ELANG GAME
Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年12月14日 22:36

Writing with style and getting good compliments on the article is quite hard, to be honest.But you've done it so calmly and with so cool feeling and you've nailed the job. This article is possessed with style and I am giving good compliment. Best! ELANG GAME

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年12月16日 14:40

i am for the first time here. I found this board and I in finding It truly helpful & it helped me out a lot. I hope to present something back and help others such as you helped me. जलाने attitude शायरी

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年12月16日 18:50 I would like to say that this blog really convinced me to do it! Thanks, very good post. The Hottest BD Escort Bangladeshi Ladies
Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年12月18日 18:26

this is really nice to read..informative post is very good to read..thanks a lot! link togel toto

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年12月22日 01:23

Thanks for posting this info. I just want to let you know that I just check out your site and I find it very interesting and informative. I can't wait to read lots of your posts. CAKEPTOGEL

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年12月22日 16:29

We are really grateful for your blog post. You will find a lot of approaches after visiting your post. Great work property agent in bali

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年12月24日 00:54 This is a great article thanks for sharing this informative information. I will visit your blog regularly for some latest post. I will visit your blog regularly for Some latest post. Restorasi mobil medan
Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年12月24日 01:02

It's really nice and meanful. it's really cool blog. Linking is very useful thing.you have really helped lots of people who visit blog and provide them usefull information. Kuliah termurah

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年12月25日 15:29

Very awesome!!! When I seek for this I found this website at the top of all blogs in search engine. Buy weed online

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年12月26日 02:09

This was among the best posts and episode from your team it let me learn many new things. CAKEPTOGEL

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年12月26日 18:36

I must admit that your post is really interesting. I have spent a lot of my spare time reading your content. Thank you a lot! mrbeast free gift card

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年12月26日 22:40

I’m excited to uncover this page. I need to to thank you for ones time for this particularly fantastic read !! I definitely really liked every part of it and i also have you saved to fav to look at new information in your site. Discover Top 6 the Best Landscape Place in the World

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年12月28日 13:44

Nice to be visiting your blog again, it has been months for me. Well this article that i've been waited for so long. I need this article to complete my assignment in the college, and it has same topic with your article. Thanks, great share. سرور vless

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2023年12月28日 14:40

Thanks for sharing this information. I really like your blog post very much. You have really shared a informative and interesting blog post . 온라인카지노

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2024年1月04日 01:27 This post is really magnificent. I really like this post. It is one of the best posts that I ve read in a long time. Thanks a lot for this really good post. I really appreciate it! colladew
Avatar_small
sa 说:
2024年1月07日 19:47

I think it could be more general if you get a football sports activity mpesa charges

Avatar_small
sa 说:
2024年1月07日 19:51

That is very helpful for increasing my knowledge in this field. Interior designer kenya

Avatar_small
sa 说:
2024年1月07日 19:54

When your website or blog goes live for the first time, it is exciting. That is until you realize no one but you and your. Which product is better

Avatar_small
sa 说:
2024年1月08日 23:19 Its as if you had a great grasp on the subject matter, but you forgot to include your readers. Perhaps you should think about this from more than one angle. character ai
Avatar_small
sa 说:
2024年1月09日 16:10

It's really nice and meanful. it's really cool blog. Linking is very useful thing.you have really helped lots of people who visit blog and provide them usefull information. shacktv

Avatar_small
sa 说:
2024年1月09日 21:20 I am a new user of this site so here i saw multiple articles and posts posted by this site,I curious more interest in some of them hope you will give more information on this topics in your next articles. my home page
Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2024年1月11日 21:13

I am a new user of this site so here i saw multiple articles and posts posted by this site,I curious more interest in some of them hope you will give more information on this topics in your next articles. Roller shutters

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2024年1月13日 18:15

Such a very useful article. Very interesting to read this article.I would like to thank you for the efforts you had made for writing this awesome article. 野猴子探險森林

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2024年1月14日 04:50 Interesting post. I Have Been wondering about this issue, so thanks for posting. Pretty cool post.It 's really very nice and Useful post.Thanks mellow fellow white widow
Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2024年1月15日 13:43

Took me time to read all the comments, but I really enjoyed the article. It proved to be Very helpful to me and I am sure to all the commenters here! It’s always nice when you can not only be informed, but also entertained! seputar kerja

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2024年1月16日 18:07

This was incredibly an exquisite implementation of your ideas DownloadTHTSS1.epub

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2024年1月16日 18:16

Raytron's copper and copper clad aluminum flat wire is provided with extra high width to thickness ratio of up to 100 times and extremely low yield strength of lower than 70Mp. High dimensional accuracy and straightness are also guaranteed. Copper Strip Wholesaler with Latest Price

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2024年1月18日 14:37 This is my first time i visit here and I found so many interesting stuff in your blog especially it's discussion, thank you. buy thc online
Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2024年1月20日 13:33 Always so interesting to visit your site.What a great info, thank you for sharing. this will help me so much in my learning slot gacor hari ini
Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2024年1月21日 01:53 A debt of gratitude is in order for sharing the information, keep doing awesome... I truly delighted in investigating your site. great asset... Does Salt Water Gargle Help Laryngitis
Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2024年1月21日 02:01

Awesome blog. I enjoyed reading your articles. This is truly a great read for me. I have bookmarked it and I am looking forward to reading new articles. Keep up the good work! san francisco ca

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2024年1月21日 16:35 I was just browsing through the internet looking for some information and came across your blog. I am impressed by the information that you have on this blog. It shows how well you understand this subject. Bookmarked this page, will come back for more. daftar sbobet
Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2024年1月21日 18:06

It was wondering if I could use this write-up on my other website, I will link it back to your website though.Great Thanks. slot88

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2024年1月21日 18:10

When you use a genuine service, you will be able to provide instructions, share materials and choose the formatting style. situs slot gacor

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2024年1月22日 17:02

This is a splendid website! I"m extremely content with the remarks!. assignment help

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2024年1月22日 17:07

This was incredibly an exquisite implementation of your ideas peredam mobil medan

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2024年1月23日 16:14

I don t have the time at the moment to fully read your site but I have bookmarked it and also add your RSS feeds. I will be back in a day or two. thanks for a great site. rent a vehicle

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2024年1月26日 13:33

I have bookmarked your website because this site contains valuable information in it. I am really happy with articles quality and presentation. Thanks a lot for keeping great stuff. I am very much thankful for this site. slot gacor hari ini

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2024年1月26日 13:40

This post is very simple to read and appreciate without leaving any details out. Great work! sex video

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2024年1月27日 14:30

Really I enjoy your site with effective and useful information. It is included very nice post with a lot of our resources.thanks for share. i enjoy this post. https://sp5der555.net/hoodie/

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2024年1月27日 14:34

Thanks for sharing nice information with us. i like your post and all you share with us is uptodate and quite informative, i would like to bookmark the page so i can come here again to read you, as you have done a wonderful job. online soccer betting singapore

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2024年1月28日 10:19

Through this post, I know that your good knowledge in playing with all the pieces was very helpful. I notify that this is the first place where I find issues I've been searching for. You have a clever yet attractive way of writing. crownbwt

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2024年1月29日 02:11

I was very pleased to find this site.I wanted to thank you for this great read!! I definitely enjoying every little bit of it and I have you bookmarked to check out new stuff you post. 刷卡換現金高雄

Avatar_small
jsimitseo 说:
2024年1月30日 22:12

Hello, I found your blog per Google bit looking for such kinda instructive prompt also your educate sees extremely noteworthy for me.  best concierge doctor

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2024年2月01日 04:25

I truly like you're composing style, incredible data, thankyou for posting. سیگاری بت

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2024年2月01日 04:30

Two full thumbs up for this magneficent article of yours. I've really enjoyed reading this article today and I think this might be one of the best article that I've read yet. Please, keep this work going on in the same quality. sigaribet

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2024年2月01日 04:34

I am looking for and I love to post a comment that "The content of your post is awesome" Great work! military transition specialist salary

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2024年2月01日 04:37

Hey what a brilliant post I have come across and believe me I have been searching out for this similar kind of post for past a week and hardly came across this. Thank you very much and will look for more postings from you. united military bag policy

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2024年2月02日 17:07 Excellent article. Very interesting to read. I really love to read such a nice article. Thanks! keep rocking. Soursop Bitters Health Benefits
Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2024年2月03日 14:35

Aviator is a popular crash game. The rules in it are simple. The player must place a bet and then cash out before the airplane disappears from the screen. Aviator seems simple, but you can use strategies to win. Keep in mind that it is impossible to predict the result, as the sequences are created by a random number generator. One of the advantages of a crash game is the short rounds. An airplane can disappear in seconds. In this case, the gambler can get 100 times the bet. The game is completely fair, which is why it’s so appealing. https://aviator-download.org/de/pin-up-download-aviator-app/

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2024年2月03日 14:38

Купить батарейки недорого от поставщика по оптовым ценам. ⚡ Широкий выбор батареек разных брендов. ⭐ Гарантия. ⭐ Доставка по Минску и Беларуси. ➤ Самовывоз. https://microchips.by/catalog/batareyki/

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2024年2月03日 14:39

Литиевые батарейки в Минске по выгодным ценам от поставщика! ⭐ Широкий ассортимент батареек разных брендов. ✓ Самовывоз. ➤ Доставка по всей Беларуси. https://microchips.by/catalog/batareyki/litievye/

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2024年2月03日 14:41

We have sell some products of different custom boxes.it is very useful and very low price please visits this site thanks and please share this post with your friends. cummins generator price

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2024年2月03日 14:42

Excellent article. Very interesting to read. I really love to read such a nice article. Thanks! keep rocking. Vibet77

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2024年2月03日 20:52

I have read all the comments and suggestions posted by the visitors for this article are very fine,We will wait for your next article so only.Thanks! wood & company

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2024年2月05日 19:05

i never know the use of adobe shadow until i saw this post. thank you for this! this is very helpful. slot88

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2024年2月07日 16:25

Very nice article, I enjoyed reading your post, very nice share, I want to twit this to my followers. Thanks!. 에볼루션카지노

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2024年2月08日 20:31

You know your projects stand out of the herd. There is something special about them. It seems to me all of them are really brilliant! Pool Cleaners

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2024年2月11日 07:08

Positive site, where did u come up with the information on this posting?I have read a few of the articles on your website now, and I really like your style. Thanks a million and please keep up the effective work. Transfer website Cpanel Hosting

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2024年2月11日 07:13

This is a smart blog. I mean it. You have so much knowledge about this issue, and so much passion. You also know how to make people rally behind it, obviously from the responses. http://63.250.38.170/rupiahqq/

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2024年2月15日 22:35

Please give some advice on how to achieve this kind of posts. slot gacor

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2024年5月21日 16:55

Great tips and very easy to understand. This will definitely be very useful for me when I get a chance to start my blog. سیگاری بت بدون فیلترشکن

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2024年5月22日 16:16

Introduction to karaoke where you can eat whiskey in Korea 플레이가라오케

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2024年5月22日 23:10

This is a website with detailed articles on recommended online baccarat sites and how to start an online baccarat site. 바카라 하는 법

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2024年6月01日 19:47

This is such a great resource that you are providing and you give it away for free. I love seeing blog that understand the value of providing a quality resource for free. leaks forum

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2024年6月27日 05:50

Korean online casino slot site rankings and various casino game information 온라인슬롯 추천

Avatar_small
行業電子郵件列表 说:
2024年9月28日 17:37

您將獲得高品質的選擇加入電子郵件數據,這將幫助您輕鬆接觸目標受眾。購買電子郵件列表,以靈活有效地在不同裝置上接觸潛在客戶和消費者。如果您正在尋找特定地區的客戶,那麼您也可以透過郵遞區號購買電子郵件清單。

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2024年10月16日 04:42

Information community for karaoke bars where you can drink whiskey in Suwon 수원노래방

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2024年10月16日 15:41

Just saying thanks will not just be sufficient, for the fantasti c lucidity in your writing. I will instantly grab your rss feed to stay informed of any updates. Modular Sofa

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2024年11月20日 16:13

2024 Online Slot Site Recommendation Rankings - Slotbot Community 슬롯커뮤니티

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2024年11月21日 19:54 Wow! Such an amazing and helpful post this is. I really really love it. It's so good and so awesome. I am just amazed. I hope that you continue to do your work like this in the future also 출장마사지
Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2024年11月30日 21:48 Introduction to karaoke where you can eat whiskey in Suwon, Korea 인계동가라오케
Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2024年12月14日 16:10 I was taking a gander at some of your posts on this site and I consider this site is truly informational! Keep setting up.. Salt Trick
Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2024年12月16日 16:25 It is perfect time to make some plans for the future and it is time to be happy. I've read this post and if I could I desire to suggest you some interesting things or suggestions. Perhaps you could write next articles referring to this article. I want to read more things about it! https://www.abacuswatches.com/
Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2024年12月16日 16:28

You completed a number of nice points there. I did a search on the issue and found nearly all people will have the same opinion with your blog. TOP1TOTO

Avatar_small
Top SEO 说:
2024年12月21日 16:47 This is such a great resource that you are providing and you give it away for free. I love seeing blog that understand the value of providing a quality resource for free. top up higgs domino

登录 *


loading captcha image...
(输入验证码)
or Ctrl+Enter