typedef的四个用途和两个陷阱
用途一：
定义一种类型的别名，而不只是简单的宏替换。可以用作同时声明指针型的多个对象。比如：
char* pa, pb; // 这多数不符合我们的意图，它只声明了一个指向字符变量的指针，
// 和一个字符变量；
以下则可行：
typedef char* PCHAR; // 一般用大写
PCHAR pa, pb; // 可行，同时声明了两个指向字符变量的指针
虽然：
char *pa, *pb;
也可行，但相对来说没有用typedef的形式直观，尤其在需要大量指针的地方，typedef的方式更省事。
用途二：
用在旧的C代码中（具体多旧没有查），帮助struct。以前的代码中，声明struct新对象时，必须要带上struct，即形式为： struct 结构名 对象名，如：
struct tagPOINT1
{
int x;
int y;
};
struct tagPOINT1 p1;
而在C++中，则可以直接写：结构名 对象名，即：
tagPOINT1 p1;
估计某人觉得经常多写一个struct太麻烦了，于是就发明了：
typedef struct tagPOINT
{
int x;
int y;
}POINT;
POINT p1; // 这样就比原来的方式少写了一个struct，比较省事，尤其在大量使用的时候
或许，在C++中，typedef的这种用途二不是很大，但是理解了它，对掌握以前的旧代码还是有帮助的，毕竟我们在项目中有可能会遇到较早些年代遗留下来的代码。
用途三：
用typedef来定义与平台无关的类型。
比如定义一个叫 REAL 的浮点类型，在目标平台一上，让它表示最高精度的类型为：
typedef long double REAL;
在不支持 long double 的平台二上，改为：
typedef double REAL;
在连 double 都不支持的平台三上，改为：
typedef float REAL;
也就是说，当跨平台时，只要改下 typedef 本身就行，不用对其他源码做任何修改。
标准库就广泛使用了这个技巧，比如size_t。
另外，因为typedef是定义了一种类型的新别名，不是简单的字符串替换，所以它比宏来得稳健（虽然用宏有时也可以完成以上的用途）。
用途四：
为复杂的声明定义一个新的简单的别名。方法是：在原来的声明里逐步用别名替换一部分复杂声明，如此循环，把带变量名的部分留到最后替换，得到的就是原声明的最简化版。举例：
1. 原声明：int *(*a[5])(int, char*);
变量名为a，直接用一个新别名pFun替换a就可以了：
typedef int *(*pFun)(int, char*);
原声明的最简化版：
pFun a[5];
2. 原声明：void (*b[10]) (void (*)());
变量名为b，先替换右边部分括号里的，pFunParam为别名一：
typedef void (*pFunParam)();
再替换左边的变量b，pFunx为别名二：
typedef void (*pFunx)(pFunParam);
原声明的最简化版：
pFunx b[10];
3. 原声明：doube(*)() (*e)[9];
变量名为e，先替换左边部分，pFuny为别名一：
typedef double(*pFuny)();
再替换右边的变量e，pFunParamy为别名二
typedef pFuny (*pFunParamy)[9];
原声明的最简化版：
pFunParamy e;
理解复杂声明可用的“右左法则”：从变量名看起，先往右，再往左，碰到一个圆括号就调转阅读的方向；括号内分析完就跳出括号，还是按先右后左的顺序，如此循环，直到整个声明分析完。举例：
int (*func)(int *p);
首先找到变量名func，外面有一对圆括号，而且左边是一个*号，这说明func是一个指针；然后跳出这个圆括号，先看右边，又遇到圆括号，这说明 (*func)是一个函数，所以func是一个指向这类函数的指针，即函数指针，这类函数具有int*类型的形参，返回值类型是int。
int (*func[5])(int *);
func右边是一个[]运算符，说明func是具有5个元素的数组；func的左边有一个*，说明func的元素是指针（注意这里的*不是修饰 func，而是修饰func[5]的，原因是[]运算符优先级比*高，func先跟[]结合）。跳出这个括号，看右边，又遇到圆括号，说明func数组的 元素是函数类型的指针，它指向的函数具有int*类型的形参，返回值类型为int。
也可以记住2个模式：
type (*)(....)函数指针
type (*)[]数组指针
－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－
陷阱一：
记住，typedef是定义了一种类型的新别名，不同于宏，它不是简单的字符串替换。比如：
先定义：
typedef char* PSTR;
然后：
int mystrcmp(const PSTR, const PSTR);
const PSTR实际上相当于const char*吗？不是的，它实际上相当于char* const。
原因在于const给予了整个指针本身以常量性，也就是形成了常量指针char* const。
简单来说，记住当const和typedef一起出现时，typedef不会是简单的字符串替换就行。
陷阱二：
typedef在语法上是一个存储类的关键字（如auto、extern、mutable、static、register等一样），虽然它并不真正影响对象的存储特性，如：
typedef static int INT2; //不可行
编译将失败，会提示“指定了一个以上的存储类”。
使用示例：
1.比较一：
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
typedef int (*A) (char, char);
int ss(char a, char b)
{
cout<<"功能1"<<endl;
cout<<a<<endl;
cout<<b<<endl;
return 0;
}
int bb(char a, char b)
{
cout<<"功能2"<<endl;
cout<<b<<endl;
cout<<a<<endl;
return 0;
}
void main()
{
A a;
a = ss;
a('a','b');
a = bb;
a('a', 'b');
}
2.比较二：
typedef int (A) (char, char);
void main()
{
A *a;
a = ss;
a('a','b');
a = bb;
a('a','b');
}
两个程序的结果都一样：
功能1
a
b
功能2
b
a
*****以下是参考部分*****
参考自：http://blog.hc360.com/portal/personShowArticle.do?articleId=57527
typedef 与 #define的区别：
案例一：
通常讲，typedef要比#define要好，特别是在有指针的场合。请看例子：
typedef char *pStr1;
#define pStr2 char *;
pStr1 s1, s2;
pStr2 s3, s4;
在上述的变量定义中，s1、s2、s3都被定义为char *，而s4则定义成了char，不是我们所预期的指针变量，根本原因就在于#define只是简单的字符串替换而typedef则是为一个类型起新名字。
案例二：
下面的代码中编译器会报一个错误，你知道是哪个语句错了吗？
typedef char * pStr;
char string[4] = "abc";
const char *p1 = string;
const pStr p2 = string;
p1++;
p2++;
是p2++出错了。这个问题再一次提醒我们：typedef和#define不同，它不是简单的文本替换。上述代码中const pStr p2并不等于const char * p2。const pStr p2和const long x本质上没有区别，都是对变量进行只读限制，只不过此处变量p2的数据类型是我们自己定义的而不是系统固有类型而已。因此，const pStr p2的含义是：限定数据类型为char *的变量p2为只读，因此p2++错误。
2020年11月29日 21:51
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