#ifndef、#def、#endif等宏的含义
Ted
posted @ 2008年8月12日 17:57
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ifdef c
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一般情况下，源程序中所有的行都参加编译。但是有时希望对其中一部分内容只在满足一定条件才进行编译，也就是对一部分内容指定编译的条件，这就是“条件编译”。有时，希望当满足某条件时对一组语句进行编译，而当条件不满足时则编译另一组语句。
条件编译命令最常见的形式为：
#ifdef 标识符
程序段1
#else
程序段2
#endif
它的作用是：当标识符已经被定义过(一般是用#define命令定义)，则对程序段1进行编译，否则编译程序段2。
其中#else部分也可以没有，即：
#ifdef
程序段1
#endif
这里的“程序段”可以是语句组，也可以是命令行。这种条件编译可以提高C源程序的通用性。如果一个C源程序在不同计算机系统上系统上运行，而不同的计算机 又有一定的差异。例如，我们有一个数据类型，在Windows平台中，应该使用long类型表示，而在其他平台应该使用float表示，这样往往需要对源 程序作必要的修改，这就降低了程序的通用性。可以用以下的条件编译：
#ifdef WINDOWS
#define MYTYPE long
#else
#define MYTYPE float
#endif
如果在Windows上编译程序，则可以在程序的开始加上
#define WINDOWS
这样则编译下面的命令行：
#define MYTYPE long
如果在这组条件编译命令之前曾出现以下命令行：
#define WINDOWS 0
则预编译后程序中的MYTYPE都用float代替。这样，源程序可以不必作任何修改就可以用于不同类型的计算机系统。当然以上介绍的只是一种简单的情况，可以根据此思路设计出其它的条件编译。
例如，在调试程序时，常常希望输出一些所需的信息，而在调试完成后不再输出这些信息。可以在源程序中插入以下的条件编译段：
#ifdef DEBUG
print ("device_open(%p)\n", file);
#endif
如果在它的前面有以下命令行：
#define DEBUG
则在程序运行时输出file指针的值，以便调试分析。调试完成后只需将这个define命令行删除即可。有人可能觉得不用条件编译也可达此目的，即在调试 时加一批printf语句，调试后一一将printf语句删除去。的确，这是可以的。但是，当调试时加的printf语句比较多时，修改的工作量是很大 的。用条件编译，则不必一一删改printf语句，只需删除前面的一条“#define DEBUG”命令即可，这时所有的用DEBUG作标识符的条件编译段都使其中的printf语句不起作用，即起统一控制的作用，如同一个“开关”一样。
有时也采用下面的形式：
#ifndef 标识符
程序段1
#else
程序段2
#endif
只是第一行与第一种形式不同：将“ifdef”改为“ifndef”。它的作用是：若标识符未被定义则编译程序段1，否则编译程序段2。这种形式与第一种形式的作用相反。
以上两种形式用法差不多，根据需要任选一种，视方便而定。
还有一种形式，就是#if后面的是一个表达式，而不是一个简单的标识符：
#if 表达式
程序段1
#else
程序段2
#endif
它的作用是：当指定的表达式值为真（非零）时就编译程序段1，否则编译程序段2。可以事先给定一定条件，使程序在不同的条件下执行不同的功能。
例如：输入一行字母字符，根据需要设置条件编译，使之能将字母全改为大写输出，或全改为小写字母输出。
#define LETTER 1
main()
{
char str[20]="C Language",c;
int i=0;
while((c=str[i])!='\0'){
i++;
#if LETTER
if(c>='a'&&c<='z') c=c-32;
#else
if(c>='A'&&c<='Z') c=c+32;
#endif
printf("%c",c);
}
}
运行结果为：C LANGUAGE
现在先定义LETTER为1，这样在预处理条件编译命令时，由于LETTER为真（非零），则对第一个if语句进行编译，运行时使小写字母变大写。如果将程序第一行改为：
#define LETTER 0
则在预处理时，对第二个if语句进行编译处理，使大写字母变成小写字母（大写字母与相应的小写字母的ASCII代码差32）。此时运行情况为：
c language
有人会问：不用条件编译命令而直接用if语句也能达到要求，用条件编译命令有什么好处呢？的确，此问题完全可以不用条件编译处理，但那样做目标程序长（因 为所有语句都编译），而采用条件编译，可以减少被编译的语句，从而减少目标的长度。当条件编译段比较多时，目标程序长度可以大大减少。
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