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在Linux中创建静态库和动态库

Ted posted @ 2008年8月22日 00:50 in system programming with tags so a , 2487 阅读

我们通常把一些公用函数制作成函数库,供其它程序使用。函数库分为静态库和动态库两种。静 态库在程序编译时会被连接到目标代码中,程序运行时将不再需要该静态库。动态库在程序编译时并不会被连接到目标代码中,而是在程序运行是才被载入,因此在 程序运行时还需要动态库存在。本文主要通过举例来说明在Linux中如何创建静态库和动态库,以及使用它们。

在创建函数库前,我们先来准备举例用的源程序,并将函数库的源程序编译成.o文件。

第1步:编辑得到举例的程序--hello.h、hello.c和main.c;

hello.c(见程序2)是函数库的源程序,其中包含公用函数hello,该函数将在屏幕上输出"Hello XXX!"。hello.h(见程序1)为该函数库的头文件。main.c(见程序3)为测试库文件的主程序,在主程序中调用了公用函数hello。

 #ifndef HELLO_H

 #define HELLO_H

 

 void hello(const char *name);

 

 #endif //HELLO_H

 程序1: hello.h

 

 #include <stdio.h>

 

 void hello(const char *name)

 {

  printf("Hello %s!\n", name);

 }

 程序2: hello.c

 

 #include "hello.h"

 

 int main()

 {

  hello("everyone");

  return 0;

 }

 程序3: main.c

第2步:将hello.c编译成.o文件;

无论静态库,还是动态库,都是由.o文件创建的。因此,我们必须将源程序hello.c通过gcc先编译成.o文件。

在系统提示符下键入以下命令得到hello.o文件。

# gcc -c hello.c

#

(注1:本文不介绍各命令使用和其参数功能,若希望详细了解它们,请参考其他文档。)

(注2:首字符"#"是系统提示符,不需要键入,下文相同。)

我们运行ls命令看看是否生存了hello.o文件。

# ls

hello.c hello.h hello.o main.c

#

(注3:首字符不是"#"为系统运行结果,下文相同。)

在ls命令结果中,我们看到了hello.o文件,本步操作完成。

下面我们先来看看如何创建静态库,以及使用它。

第3步:由.o文件创建静态库;

静态库文件名的命名规范是以lib为前缀,紧接着跟静态库名,扩展名为.a。例如:我们将创建的静态库名为myhello,则静态库文件名就是libmyhello.a。在创建和使用静态库时,需要注意这点。创建静态库用ar命令。

在系统提示符下键入以下命令将创建静态库文件libmyhello.a。

# ar cr libmyhello.a hello.o

#

我们同样运行ls命令查看结果:

# ls

hello.c hello.h hello.o libmyhello.a main.c

#

ls命令结果中有libmyhello.a。

第4步:在程序中使用静态库;

静态库制作完了,如何使用它内部的函数呢?只需要在使用到这些公用函数的源程序中包含这些 公用函数的原型声明,然后在用gcc命令生成目标文件时指明静态库名,gcc将会从静态库中将公用函数连接到目标文件中。注意,gcc会在静态库名前加上 前缀lib,然后追加扩展名.a得到的静态库文件名来查找静态库文件。

在程序3:main.c中,我们包含了静态库的头文件hello.h,然后在主程序main中直接调用公用函数hello。下面先生成目标程序hello,然后运行hello程序看看结果如何。

# gcc -o hello main.c -L. -lmyhello

# ./hello

Hello everyone!

#

我们删除静态库文件试试公用函数hello是否真的连接到目标文件 hello中了。

# rm libmyhello.a

rm: remove regular file `libmyhello.a'? y

# ./hello

Hello everyone!

#

程序照常运行,静态库中的公用函数已经连接到目标文件中了。

我们继续看看如何在Linux中创建动态库。我们还是从.o文件开始。

第5步:由.o文件创建动态库文件;

动态库文件名命名规范和静态库文件名命名规范类似,也是在动态库名增加前缀lib,但其文件扩展名为.so。例如:我们将创建的动态库名为myhello,则动态库文件名就是libmyhello.so。用gcc来创建动态库。

在系统提示符下键入以下命令得到动态库文件libmyhello.so。

# gcc -shared -fPCI -o libmyhello.so hello.o

#

我们照样使用ls命令看看动态库文件是否生成。

# ls

hello.c hello.h hello.o libmyhello.so main.c

#

第6步:在程序中使用动态库;

在程序中使用动态库和使用静态库完全一样,也是在使用到这些公用函数的源程序中包含这些公用函数的原型声明,然后在用gcc命令生成目标文件时指明动态库名进行编译。我们先运行gcc命令生成目标文件,再运行它看看结果。

# gcc -o hello main.c -L. -lmyhello

# ./hello

./hello: error while loading shared libraries: libmyhello.so: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory

#

哦!出错了。快看看错误提示,原来是找不到动态库文件libmyhello.so。程序在 运行时,会在/usr/lib和/lib等目录中查找需要的动态库文件。若找到,则载入动态库,否则将提示类似上述错误而终止程序运行。我们将文件 libmyhello.so复制到目录/usr/lib中,再试试。

# mv libmyhello.so /usr/lib

# ./hello

Hello everyone!

#

成功了。这也进一步说明了动态库在程序运行时是需要的。

我们回过头看看,发现使用静态库和使用动态库编译成目标程序使用的gcc命令完全一样,那当静态库和动态库同名时,gcc命令会使用哪个库文件呢?抱着对问题必究到底的心情,来试试看。

先删除除.c和.h外的所有文件,恢复成我们刚刚编辑完举例程序状态。

# rm -f hello hello.o /usr/lib/libmyhello.so

# ls

hello.c hello.h main.c

#

在来创建静态库文件libmyhello.a和动态库文件libmyhello.so。

# gcc -c hello.c

# ar cr libmyhello.a hello.o

# gcc -shared -fPCI -o libmyhello.so hello.o

# ls

hello.c hello.h hello.o libmyhello.a libmyhello.so main.c

#

通过上述最后一条ls命令,可以发现静态库文件libmyhello.a和动态库文件libmyhello.so都已经生成,并都在当前目录中。然后,我们运行gcc命令来使用函数库myhello生成目标文件hello,并运行程序 hello。

# gcc -o hello main.c -L. -lmyhello

# ./hello

./hello: error while loading shared libraries: libmyhello.so: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory

#

从程序hello运行的结果中很容易知道,当静态库和动态库同名时, gcc命令将优先使用动态库。

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2024年1月01日 22:03

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2024年1月01日 23:41

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2024年1月02日 02:43

Discover the pulse of Singapore through the lens of the city's most trusted and comprehensive review website. Best Buy Singapore

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2024年1月02日 03:28

Secure your space effortlessly with user-friendly and reliable digital door locks in Singapore. digital door lock

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Explore the innovative features of Philips digital locks, tailored for the smart homes of Singapore. phillips digital smart lock Singapore

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Maximize your ROI and dominate search engine rankings with a proactive SEO consultant in Singapore. Singapore SEO expert

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2024年1月02日 22:05

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2024年1月17日 16:34

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2024年1月17日 18:16

Ceramic coating has taken Singapore's automotive industry by storm, offering unmatched protection and aesthetics to vehicles of all kinds. With its durable and hydrophobic properties, ceramic coating provides car owners with peace of mind, knowing that their vehicles are shielded from environmental contaminants and daily wear and tear. For those seeking to preserve the beauty and value of their vehicles, ceramic coating is undoubtedly a game-changer in the world of automotive detailing in Singapore.  www.ceramicworks.sg

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2024年1月17日 20:38

Car paint protection film, also known as clear bra or PPF, is a transparent, ultra-thin polyurethane film that is applied to a vehicle's exterior surfaces. The film is designed to absorb and disperse the impact of small debris and scratches, acting as a sacrificial layer that shields the underlying paint from damage. It is custom-cut to fit specific areas of your car, such as the front bumper, hood, fenders, side mirrors, and door edges. https://ceramicworks.sg/paint-protection-film

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2024年1月17日 21:56

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2024年1月17日 22:46

A PR application agency is a service provider that specializes in assisting individuals seeking permanent residency in a particular country. Whether it is Singapore, Canada, Australia, or any other nation, these agencies have in-depth knowledge of the respective country's immigration laws and regulations. Their primary role is to facilitate and streamline the PR application process, ensuring that applicants meet the necessary criteria and compile a comprehensive and compelling application package. singaporetopimmigration.sg

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jsimitseo 说:
2024年1月18日 00:05

Strong Supporting Documents: Provide complete and accurate documentation to support your application. Highlight your contributions and achievements during your stay in Singapore. singapore pr process

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2024年1月18日 01:19

Include proof of any patents or intellectual property you've developed. pr application

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2024年1月18日 01:58

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2024年1月18日 14:33

Modern and Stylish: Philips digital locks boast sleek and contemporary designs that complement any home décor. With their minimalistic appearance, these locks add a touch of elegance to your entryways. https://www.eazea.sg/product-category/digital-lock/philips-digital-lock/

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jsimitseo 说:
2024年1月18日 15:45

Multilingual SEO: Singapore's multicultural environment demands a multilingual approach to SEO. An SEO consultant can optimize your website for various languages spoken in the city, broadening your reach to diverse audiences. www.dynamicmarketing.sg/seo-consultant-singapore

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jsimitseo 说:
2024年1月18日 17:17

As Singapore's top review website thrives on user-generated content, it encourages individuals to contribute their experiences and opinions. By sharing their insights, users not only assist fellow Singaporeans but also contribute to the collective knowledge of the city, enriching the online community. www.bestbuysingapore.com

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jsimitseo 说:
2024年1月18日 20:44

Licensed money lenders in Singapore play a pivotal role in the financial ecosystem, offering accessible and reliable financial solutions to individuals and businesses. Regulated by the Ministry of Law, these money lenders adhere to strict guidelines, ensuring ethical and responsible lending practices. By providing quick and convenient access to funds, supporting borrowers with various loan options, and fostering transparency in their operations, money lenders serve as valuable financial partners for those facing short-term monetary needs. When choosing to engage with a money lender, borrowers must exercise diligence and select licensed and reputable providers, ensuring a positive borrowing experience and responsible financial management. Top divorce lawyer in Singapore

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2024年1月18日 21:52

Foreigner loans in Singapore serve as a financial support system for non-residents and expatriates, empowering them to pursue their dreams and aspirations in this vibrant city-state. By providing accessible and flexible financial solutions, foreigner loans bridge the financial gap for individuals facing unexpected expenses or other urgent financial requirements. Responsible borrowing practices and engagement with licensed money lenders ensure that foreigners can embrace their global ambitions while maintaining financial stability in their Singaporean journey. best heart surgeons singapore

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2024年1月18日 22:44

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2024年1月19日 00:05

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2024年1月19日 01:35

Look for licensed money lenders that offer transparent and competitive interest rates. best licensed moneylenders singapore

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2024年1月19日 02:36

Licensed and Regulated: Responsible money lenders in Singapore are licensed and regulated by the Ministry of Law. They adhere to strict guidelines and ethical practices to protect borrowers' interests. legal money lender in singapore

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jsimitseo 说:
2024年1月19日 14:24

Consider the availability of loan officers or customer service representatives who can assist you in your preferred language. foreigner loan Singapore

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2024年1月19日 14:54

Check if the lender provides detailed information on the loan terms, including repayment schedules and penalties. foreigner loan Singapore

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2024年1月19日 15:13

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2024年1月19日 17:09

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2024年1月19日 17:17

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rankxone 说:
2024年1月19日 17:22

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2024年1月19日 17:48

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2024年1月19日 17:49

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2024年1月19日 18:01

Payday loans can be a helpful financial tool for individuals facing urgent and temporary cash flow issues in Singapore. However, borrowers must exercise caution and understand the potential risks associated with these loans. Responsible borrowing practices, thorough financial planning, and exploring alternative options are essential to avoid falling into debt traps. Ultimately, payday loans should be used sparingly and judiciously, with careful consideration of their impact on long-term financial stability. Borrowers must exercise due diligence and weigh the pros and cons before deciding if a payday loan is the right choice for their specific financial situation. best licensed money lender in singapore

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2024年1月19日 19:09

Choose a lender that offers loan restructuring options in case of unforeseen financial challenges. foreigner loan Singapore

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2024年1月19日 19:57

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2024年1月19日 21:40

Personal loans can be a valuable tool for consolidating multiple debts into a single, more manageable payment. apply personal loan in Singapore

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2024年1月20日 17:19

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