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Linux环境下的网络编程

Ted posted @ 2008年8月12日 23:18 in 未分类 with tags socket , 2942 阅读

本文介绍了在Linux环境下的socket编程常用函数用法及socket编程的一般规则和客户/服务器模型的编程应注 意的事项和常遇问题的解决方法，并举了具体代 码实例。要理解本文所谈的技术问题需要读者具有一定C语言的编程经验和TCP/IP方面的基本知识。要实习本文的示例，需要Linux下的gcc编译平台 支持。

 
Socket定义
网 络的Socket数据传输是一种特殊的I/O，Socket也是一种文件描述符。Socket也具有一个类似于打开文件的函数调用—Socket()，该 函数返回一个整型的Socket描述符，随后的连接建立、数据传输等操作都是通过该Socket实现的。常用 的Socket类型有两种：流式Socket—SOCK_STREAM和数据报式Socket—SOCK_DGRAM。流式是一种面向连接的 Socket，针对于面向连接的TCP服务应用；数据报式Socket是一种无连接的Socket，对应于无连接的UDP服务应用。
Socket编程相关数据类型定义
计算机数据存储有两种字节优先顺序：高位字节优先和低位字节优先。Intenet上数据以高位字节优先顺序在网络上传输，所以对于在内部是以低位字节优先方式存储数据的机器，在Internet上传输数据时就需要进行转换。
我们要讨论的第一个结构类型是：struct sockaddr，该类型是用来保存socket信息的：
struct sockaddr {
unsigned short sa_family; /* 地址族， AF_xxx */
char sa_data[14]; /* 14 字节的协议地址 */ };
sa_family一般为AF_INET；sa_data则包含该socket的IP地址和端口号。
另外还有一种结构类型：
struct sockaddr_in {
short int sin_family; /* 地址族 */
unsigned short int sin_port; /* 端口号 */
struct in_addr sin_addr; /* IP地址 */
unsigned char sin_zero[8]; /* 填充0 以保持与struct sockaddr同样大小 */
};
这 个结构使用更为方便。sin_zero(它用来将sockaddr_in结构填充到与struct sockaddr同样的长度)应该用bzero()或memset()函数将其置为零。指向sockaddr_in 的指针和指向sockaddr的指针可以相互转换，这意味着如果一个函数所需参数类型是sockaddr时，你可以在函数调用的时候将一个指向 sockaddr_in的指针转换为指向sockaddr的指针；或者相反。sin_family通常被赋AF_INET；in_port和 sin_addr应该转换成为网络字节优先顺序；而sin_addr则不需要转换。
我们下面讨论几个字节顺序转换函数：
htons()--"Host to Network Short" ; htonl()--"Host to Network long"
ntohs()--"Network to Host Short" ; ntohl()--"Network to Host Long"
在这里， h表示"host" ，n表示"network"，s 表示"short"，l表示 "long"。
打开socket 描述符、建立绑定并建立连接
socket函数原型为：
int socket(int domain, int type, int protocol);
domain 参数指定socket的类型：SOCK_STREAM 或SOCK_DGRAM；protocol通常赋值“0”。Socket()调用返回一个整型socket描述符，你可以在后面的调用使用它。一旦通过 socket调用返回一个socket描述符，你应该将该socket与你本机上的一个端口相关联（往往当你在设计服务器端程序时需要调用该函数。随后你 就可以在该端口监听服务请求;而客户端一般无须调用该函数）。 Bind函数原型为 ：
int bind(int sockfd,struct sockaddr *my_addr, int addrlen);
Sockfd是一个socket描述符，my_addr是一个指向包含有本机IP地址及端口号等信息的sockaddr类型的指针;addrlen常被设置为sizeof(struct sockaddr)。
最后，对于bind 函数要说明的一点是，你可以用下面的赋值实现自动获得本机IP地址和随机获取一个没有被占用的端口号：
my_addr.sin_port = 0; /* 系统随机选择一个未被使用的端口号 */
my_addr.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY; /* 填入本机IP地址 */
通 过将my_addr.sin_port置为0，函数会自动为你选择一个未占用的端口来使用。同样，通过将my_addr.sin_addr.s_addr 置为INADDR_ANY，系统会自动填入本机IP地址。Bind()函数在成功被调用时返回0；遇到错误时返回“-1”并将errno置为相应的错误 号。另外要注意的是，当调用函数时，一般不要将端口号置为小于1024的值，因为1~1024是保留端口号，你可以使用大于1024中任何一个没有被占用 的端口号。
Connect()函数用来与远端服务器建立一个TCP连接，其函数原型为：
int connect(int sockfd, struct sockaddr *serv_addr, int addrlen);
Sockfd 是目的服务器的sockt描述符；serv_addr是包含目的机IP地址和端口号的指针。遇到错误时返回-1，并且errno中包含相应的错误码。进行 客户端程序设计无须调用bind()，因为这种情况下只需知道目的机器的IP地址，而客户通过哪个端口与服务器建立连接并不需要关心，内核会自动选择一个 未被占用的端口供客户端来使用。
Listen()——监听是否有服务请求
在服务器端程序中，当socket与某一端口捆绑以后，就需要监听该端口，以便对到达的服务请求加以处理。
int listen(int sockfd， int backlog);
Sockfd是Socket系统调用返回的socket 描述符；backlog指定在请求队列中允许的最大请求数，进入的连接请求将在队列中等待accept()它们（参考下文）。cklog对队列中等待服务的请求的数目进行了限制，大多数系统缺省值为20。
当listen遇到错误时返回-1，errno被置为相应的错误码。
故服务器端程序通常按下列顺序进行函数调用：
socket(); bind(); listen(); /* accept() goes here */
accept()——连接端口的服务请求。
当 某个客户端试图与服务器监听的端口连接时，该连接请求将排队等待服务器accept()它。通过调用accept()函数为其建立一个连 接，accept()函数将返回一个新的socket描述符，来供这个新连接来使用。而服务器可以继续在以前的那个socket上监听，同时可以在新的 socket描述符上进行数据send()（发送）和recv()（接收）操作：
int accept(int sockfd, void *addr, int *addrlen);
sockfd 是被监听的socket描述符，addr通常是一个指向sockaddr_in变量的指针，该变量用来存放提出连接请求服务的主机的信息（某台主机从某个 端口发出该请求）；addrten通常为一个指向值为sizeof(struct sockaddr_in)的整型指针变量。错误发生时返回一个-1并且设置相应的errno值。
Send()和recv()——数据传输
这两个函数是用于面向连接的socket上进行数据传输。
Send()函数原型为：
int send(int sockfd, const void *msg, int len, int flags);
Sockfd是你想用来传输数据的socket描述符，msg是一个指向要发送数据的指针。
Len是以字节为单位的数据的长度。flags一般情况下置为0（关于该参数的用法可参照man手册）。
char *msg = "Beej was here!"; int len， bytes_sent; ... ...
len = strlen(msg); bytes_sent = send(sockfd, msg,len,0); ... ...
Send()函数返回实际上发送出的字节数，可能会少于你希望发送的数据。所以需要对send()的返回值进行测量。当send()返回值与len不匹配时，应该对这种情况进行处理。
recv()函数原型为：
int recv(int sockfd,void *buf,int len,unsigned int flags);
Sockfd是接受数据的socket描述符；buf 是存放接收数据的缓冲区；len是缓冲的长度。Flags也被置为0。Recv()返回实际上接收的字节数，或当出现错误时，返回-1并置相应的errno值。
Sendto()和recvfrom()——利用数据报方式进行数据传输
在无连接的数据报socket方式下，由于本地socket并没有与远端机器建立连接，所以在发送数据时应指明目的地址，sendto()函数原型为：
int sendto(int sockfd, const void *msg,int len,unsigned int flags, const struct sockaddr *to, int tolen);
该函数比send()函数多了两个参数，to表示目地机的IP地址和端口号信息，而tolen常常被赋值为sizeof (struct sockaddr)。Sendto 函数也返回实际发送的数据字节长度或在出现发送错误时返回-1。
Recvfrom()函数原型为：
int recvfrom(int sockfd,void *buf,int len,unsigned int lags,struct sockaddr *from,int *fromlen);
from 是一个struct sockaddr类型的变量，该变量保存源机的IP地址及端口号。fromlen常置为sizeof (struct sockaddr)。当recvfrom()返回时，fromlen包含实际存入from中的数据字节数。Recvfrom()函数返回接收到的字节数或 当出现错误时返回-1，并置相应的errno。
应 注意的一点是，当你对于数据报socket调用了connect()函数时，你也可以利用send()和recv()进行数据传输，但该socket仍然 是数据报socket，并且利用传输层的UDP服务。但在发送或接收数据报时，内核会自动为之加上目地和源地址信息。
Close()和shutdown()——结束数据传输
当所有的数据操作结束以后，你可以调用close()函数来释放该socket，从而停止在该socket上的任何数据操作：close(sockfd);
你也可以调用shutdown()函数来关闭该socket。该函数允许你只停止在某个方向上的数据传输，而一个方向上的数据传输继续进行。如你可以关闭某socket的写操作而允许继续在该socket上接受数据，直至读入所有数据。
int shutdown(int sockfd,int how);
Sockfd的含义是显而易见的，而参数 how可以设为下列值：
·0-------不允许继续接收数据
·1-------不允许继续发送数据
·2-------不允许继续发送和接收数据，均为允许则调用close ()
shutdown在操作成功时返回0，在出现错误时返回-1（并置相应errno）。
 
DNS——域名服务相关函数
由于IP地址难以记忆和读写，所以为了读写记忆方便，人们常常用域名来表示主机，这就需要进行域名和IP地址的转换。函数gethostbyname()就是完成这种转换的，函数原型为：
struct hostent *gethostbyname(const char *name);
函数返回一种名为hosten的结构类型，它的定义如下：
struct hostent {
char *h_name; /* 主机的官方域名 */
char **h_aliases; /* 一个以NULL结尾的主机别名数组 */
int h_addrtype; /* 返回的地址类型，在Internet环境下为AF-INET */
 
int h_length; /*地址的字节长度 */
char **h_addr_list; /* 一个以0结尾的数组，包含该主机的所有地址*/
 
};
#define h_addr h_addr_list[0] /*在h-addr-list中的第一个地址*/
当 gethostname()调用成功时，返回指向struct hosten的指针，当调用失败时返回-1。当调用gethostbyname时，你不能使用perror()函数来输出错误信息，而应该使用herror()函数来输出。
面向连接的客户/服务器代码实例
这个服务器通过一个连接向客户发送字符串"Hello，world!"。只要在服务器上运行该服务器软件，在客户端运行客户软件，客户端就会收到该字符串。
该服务器软件代码见程序1：
#include stdio.h
#include stdlib.h
#include errno.h
#include string.h
#include sys/types.h
#include netinet/in.h
#include sys/socket.h
#include sys/wait.h
#define MYPORT 3490 /*服务器监听端口号 */
#define BACKLOG 10 /* 最大同时连接请求数 */
main()
{
intsock fd,new_fd; /* 监听socket: sock_fd,数据传输socket:new_fd*
/
struct sockaddr_in my_addr; /* 本机地址信息 */
struct sockaddr_in their_addr; /* 客户地址信息 */
n_size;
if ((sockfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0)) == -1) { /*错误检测
*/
perror("socket"); exit(1); }
my_addr.sin_family=AF_INET;
my_addr.sin_port=htons(MYPORT);
my_addr.sin_addr.s_addr = INADDR_ANY;
bzero(&(my_addr.sin_zero),8);
if (bind(sockfd, (struct sockaddr *)&my_addr, sizeof(struct sockad
dr))
== -1) {/*错误检测*/
perror("bind"); exit(1); }
if (listen(sockfd, BACKLOG) == -1) {/*错误检测*/
perror("listen"); exit(1); }
while(1) { /* main accept() loop */
sin_size = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in);
if ((new_fd = accept(sockfd, (struct sockaddr *)&their_addr,
&sin_size)) == -1) {
perror("accept"); continue; }
printf("server: got connection from %s
",
inet_ntoa(their_addr.sin_addr));
if (!fork()) { /* 子进程代码段 */
if (send(new_fd, "Hello, world!
", 14, 0) == -1)
perror("send"); close(new_fd); exit(0); }
close(new_fd); /* 父进程不再需要该socket */
waitpid(-1,NULL,WNOHANG) > 0 /*等待子进程结束，清除子进程所占用资源
*/
}
}
（程序1）
服 务器首先创建一个Socket，然后将该Socket与本地地址/端口号捆绑，成功之后就在相应的socket上监听，当accpet捕捉到一个连接服务 请求时，就生成一个新的socket，并通过这个新的socket向客户端发送字符串"Hello，world!"，然后关闭该socket。
fork()函数生成一个子进程来处理数据传输部分，fork()语句对于子进程返回的值为0。所以包含fork函数的if语句是子进程代码部分，它与if语句后面的父进程代码部分是并发执行的。
客户端软件代码部分见程序2：
#includestdio.h
#include stdlib.h
#include errno.h
#include string.h
#include netdb.h
#include sys/types.h
#include netinet/in.h
#include sys/socket.h
#define PORT 3490
#define MAXDATASIZE 100 /*每次最大数据传输量 */
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
int sockfd, numbytes;
char buf[MAXDATASIZE];
struct hostent *he;
struct sockaddr_in their_addr;
if (argc != 2) {
fprintf(stderr,"usage: client hostname
"); exit(1); }
if((he=gethostbyname(argv[1]))==NULL) {
herror("gethostbyname"); exit(1); }
if ((sockfd = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0)) == -1) {
perror("socket"); exit(1); }
their_addr.sin_family=AF_INET;
their_addr.sin_port=htons(PORT);
their_addr.sin_addr = *((struct in_addr *)he->h_addr);
bzero(&(their_addr.sin_zero),8);
if (connect(sockfd, (struct sockaddr *)&their_addr,
sizeof(struct sockaddr)) == -1) {/*错误检测*/
perror("connect"); exit(1); }
if ((numbytes=recv(sockfd, buf, MAXDATASIZE, 0)) == -1) {
perror("recv"); exit(1); }
buf[numbytes] = '';
printf("Received: %s",buf);
close(sockfd);
return 0;
}
（程序2）
客户端代码相对来说要简单一些，首先通过服务器域名获得其IP地址，然后创建一个socket，调用connect函数与服务器建立连接，连接成功之后接收从服务器发送过来的数据，最后关闭socket，结束程序。
无连接的客户/服务器程序的在原理上和连接的客户/服务器是一样的，两者的区别在于无连接的客户/服务器中的客户一般不需要建立连接，而且在发送接收数据时，需要指定远端机的地址。
关 于阻塞(blocking)的概念和select()函数当服务器运行到accept语句时，而没有客户连接服务请求到来，那么会发生什么情况?这时服务 器就会停止在accept语句上等待连接服务请求的到来；同样，当程序运行到接收数据语句时，如果没有数据可以读取，则程序同样会停止在接收语句上。这种 情况称为blocking。但如果你希望服务器仅仅注意检查是否有客户在等待连接，有就接受连接;否则就继续做其他事情，则可以通过将Socke设置为非 阻塞方式来实现:非阻塞socket在没有客户在等待时就使accept调用立即返回。
#include unistd.h
#include fcntl.h
. . . . ； sockfd = socket(AF_INET,SOCK_STREAM,0);
fcntl(sockfd,F_SETFL,O_NONBLOCK)； . . . . .
通 过设置socket为非阻塞方式，可以实现“轮询”若干Socket。当企图从一个没有数据等待处理的非阻塞Socket读入数据时，函数将立即返回，并 且返回值置为-1，并且errno置为EWOULDBLOCK。但是这种“轮询”会使CPU处于忙等待方式，从而降低性能。考虑到这种情况，假设你希望服 务器监听连接服务请求的同时从已经建立的连接读取数据，你也许会想到用一个accept语句和多个recv()语句，但是由于accept及recv都是 会阻塞的，所以这个想法显然不会成功。
调 用非阻塞的socket会大大地浪费系统资源。而调用select()会有效地解决这个问题，它允许你把进程本身挂起来，而同时使系统内核监听所要求的一 组文件描述符的任何活动，只要确认在任何被监控的文件描述符上出现活动，select()调用将返回指示该文件描述符已准备好的信息，从而实现了为进程选 出随机的变化，而不必由进程本身对输入进行测试而浪费CPU开销。Select函数原型为:
int select(int numfds,fd_set *readfds,fd_set *writefds，fd_set *exeptfds,struct timeval *timeout);
其 中readfds、writefds、exceptfds分别是被select()监视的读、写和异常处理的文件描述符集合。如果你希望确定是否可以从标 准输入和某个socket描述符读取数据，你只需要将标准输入的文件描述符0和相应的sockdtfd加入到readfds集合中；numfds的值是需 要检查的号码最高的文件描述符加1，这个例子中numfds的值应为sockfd+1；当select返回时，readfds将被修改，指示某个文件描述 符已经准备被读取，你可以通过FD_ISSSET()来测试。为了实现fd_set中对应的文件描述符的设置、复位和测试，它提供了一组宏：
FD_ZERO(fd_set *set)----清除一个文件描述符集；
FD_SET(int fd,fd_set *set)----将一个文件描述符加入文件描述符集中；
 
FD_CLR(int fd,fd_set *set)----将一个文件描述符从文件描述符集中清除
；
FD_ISSET(int fd,fd_set *set)----试判断是否文件描述符被置位。
Timeout参数是一个指向struct timeval类型的指针，它可以使select()在等待timeout长时间后没有文件描述符准备好即返回。struct timeval数据结构为：
 
struct timeval {
int tv_sec; /* seconds */
int tv_usec; /* microseconds */
};
我们通过程序3来说明：
#include sys/time.h
#include sys/types.h
#include unistd.h
#define STDIN 0 /*标准输入文件描述符*/
main()
{
struct timeval tv;
fd_set readfds;
tv.tv_sec = 2;
tv.tv_usec = 500000;
FD_ZERO(&readfds);
FD_SET(STDIN,&readfds);
/* 这里不关心写文件和异常处理文件描述符集合 */
select(STDIN+1， &readfds， NULL， NULL， &tv);
if (FD_ISSET(STDIN， &readfds)) printf("A key was pressed!
");
 
else printf("Timed out.
");
}
（程序3）
select()在被监视端口等待2.5秒钟以后，就从select返回
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